meant originally

(-ja, -jar, later -a, -ar), m. chief defendant (varnaraðili) or prosecutor (sóknaraðili, sakaraðili).

* * *

ja, m. the chief-defendant or prosecutor in an Icel. lawsuit in the time of the Commonwealth. It seems to have meant originally head, chieftain, princeps. A standing word in the Grágás and the Sagas. As to the form, the older one is that which preserves the j in the terminations, gen. dat. acc. aðilja, plur. -jar, acc. -ja, dat. -jum. The Grágás constantly employs this form. The Njála and some of the Sagas drop the j and write aðila etc. In the Grágás aðilja seems to occur as an indecl. word—at least four times in the Kb.—used as nom. pl.: but as -ar in old MSS. is frequently marked by a single ‘a’ with a little stroke (a-), this may be a misinterpretation. The indeclinable form occurs in the Kb. (Þ. Þ.) 25 and 109 (only preserved in the Kb.); Kb. 147, 170 has aðilja, where the Sb. has in both passages aðiljar: cp. however guðsifja and -bræðra. There is a distinction between a sóknar-aðili or sakar-aðili, prosecutor, and a varnar-aðili, defendant. Either with gen. or prep. at, varnar-a., sóknar-a., sakar-a.; or inversely, a. sakar, a. varnar, a. frumsakar, Kb. 42, 124; a. máls, 126; a. vígsakar, in a case of manslaughter, 167; or vígsakar a. (often); a. fésakar, in a lawsuit about compensation, 123; a. legorðssakar, case of legorð, 194: with at, varnir þær er hann er aðili at, 175; aðili at legorðs sekt, App. iv. 46, Grág. Kb. 15, 211 ; cp. also § 58, p. 103: hann er aðili at sök, bæði sækjandi ok seljandi, chief-plaintiff, either for carrying it on himself or by a delegate, Kb. 208. In the case of a delegate being the aðili, the challenge of jurors and judges on account of relationship was to be made in respect to the chief aðili, not the delegate, Kb. 127.

ὄνειδ-ος, εος, τό,

A reproach, rebuke, censure, blame, esp. by word,

προθέουσιν ὀνείδεα μυθήσασθαι Il.1.291

;

λέγ' ὀ. 2.222

;

ὀ. βάζεις Od.17.461

; εἶχε ὄ. καὶ ἀτιμίην was in disgrace, Hdt.9.71 ;

ὄ. ὀνειδίζειν S.Ph. 523

; ὄ. φέρει it brings reproach, Pl.R. 590c ;

ὄ. τινὶ περιθεῖναι Antipho 5.18

;

περιάψειν Lys.21.24

; ὡς ἐν ὀνείδει by way of reproach, Pl.Grg. 512c, cf. R. 431b (without

ὡς Smp. 189e

) ; ὀνείδει ἐνέχεσθαι, συνέχεσθαι, Id.Lg. 808e, 944e : pl.,

ὀνείδη κλύειν A.Pers. 757

;

κολάζειν ὀνείδεσι

with censures,

Pl.Lg. 847a

;

ὀνείδη ἔχει τὰ μέγιστα Id.R. 344b

;

ὀ. ἐπιφέρειν Arist.EN 1123a32

.

2 matter of reproach, disgrace,

σοὶ γὰρ ἐγὼ.. κατηφείη καὶ ὄ. Il.16.498

;

σοὶ μὲν δὴ.. κατηφείη καὶ ὄ., εἰ.. 17.556

, cf. Hdt.2.36 ;

ἐμῇ κεφαλῇ κατ' ὀνείδεα χεῦαν Od. 22.463

;

τέκνοις ὄ. λιπεῖν E.Heracl. 301

;

ὀνειδῶν καὶ κακῶν μέστους D. 22.31

; ὄνειδός [ἐστι] c. inf., E.Andr. 410 : c. gen., τὸ.. πόλεως ὄ. the disgrace of the city, A.Th. 539 ;

αὑτῆς ὄ. S.OC 984

;

ὄ. Ἑλλάνων Id.Aj. 1191

(lyr.) ;

τὸ Λυσίου ὄ. Pl.Phdr. 277a

; Oedipus calls his daughters τοιαῦτ' ὀνείδη, S.OT 1494, cf. Ar.Ach. 855, D.21.132.

3 the statement of Eust.88.15, 647.36 that ὄ. meant originally any report of one, reputation, character, is not borne out by the passages he cites—

ὄ. οὐ καλόν S.Ph. 477

;

Θήβαις κάλλιστον ὄ. E.Ph. 821

(lyr.) ;

καλὸν ὄ. Id.Med. 514

, IA 305, which are plainly ironical. (Cf. Skt. nindati, nid- 'insult', Goth. ga-naitjan 'slander', Lett. naids 'hatred'.)

Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: name of a Phoenician lyre with 10 or 12 strings (Soph.Fr. 849 [uncertain conj.], LXX).

Other forms: - ας m. (com., Str.), also ναῦλα f. (Aq., Sm.), - ον n. (H.).

Derivatives: ναβλίζω = ψάλλω (Gloss.) with ναβλιστής m. `player of a n.' (Euph.), also ναβλιστο-κτυπεύς `id.' (Man. 4, 185), for *ναβλο-κτύπος (through cross and with formally enlarging - ευς), f. ναβλίστρια (Maced.).

Origin: LW [a loanword which is (probably) not of Pre-Greek origin] Sem.

Etymology: Like the instrument the name was prob. also Phoenician; cf. Hebr. nēbel name of a harp; more in Lewy Fremdw. 161. The word seems to have meant originally `vase'. DELG speaks of the harp as "avec son mouvement arrondi". E. Masson Emprunts 67 - 69; Meurgon, Melanges Carcopino 518 - 522. -- Lat. LW [loanword] nablium, nablum, s. W.-Hofmann s.v. Etruscan has naplan, designating a cup.

Page in Frisk: 2,

Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `gadfly, Tabanus bovinus' (χ 300, A., Arist.), also of a water-insect and a bird (Arist. perh. Sylvia trochilus; cf. Whitfield ClassRev. 69, 12f.), `sting, prick' (S., E.), `rage, madness, fierce desire' (Hdt., Pl., S., E.).

Compounds: Compp., e.g. οἰστρο-πλήξ, - γος `stung by a gadly, driven by anger' (trag., of Io, also of the Bacchantes).

Derivatives: οἰστρ-ώδης `enraged' (Pl., Epicur.), - ήεις `full of sting, stinging, stung' (Opp., Nonn.; cf. Schwyzer 527), - ηδόν `with rage' (Opp.); οἰστρ-άω (on the formation Schwyzer 731), also - έω (Theoc., Luc., Jul.), - ῆσαι (trag., Pl., Arist.), also with ἀν-, ἐξ-, παρ-, δι-, `to rouse; to rage, to roar' with οἴστρ-ημα n. `sting' (S., AP), ( παρ-)-ησις f. `rage, passion' ( Corp. Herm., PMag. Par.); backformation πάροιστρος `enraged, mad' (Simp.).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [209] * h(₁)eis- `bring in movement' ; or * h₃eis-?

Etymology: In the barytonesis agreeing with κέστρος, χύτρος a. o. (cf. Schwyzer 531 f.) οἶσ-τρος must orig. be a nom. instr. or -- what amounts to the same thing -- a nom. agentis. If, as seems probable, cognate with οἶμα (\< *οἶσ-μα) and like this derived from a verb `put in vehement movement, urge, irritate', the word meant originally "urger, irritator". The actual meanings `gadfly', `sting', `anger' can therefor go hand in hand (cf. v.Wilamowitz Glaube 1, 273); the changing meaning was still favoured by the myth of Io. -- An identical formation, except for the gender, is Lith. aistrà f. `vehement passion'; further cognates s. οἶμα; cf. also ὀϊστός w. lit. -- Diff. F. Hartmann KZ 54, 289 w. n. 1: to οἶδος, οἰδέω, OHG eittar `poison' etc. as `who causes an ulcer'; to be rejected. S. also Gil Fernandez Nombres de insectos 157. -- In ἰστυάζει ὀργίζεται H. Fick KZ 43, 136 wanted to find a parallel zero grade τυ-derivation *ἰσ-τύ-ς.

Page in Frisk: 2,369-370

(n.) = slip of paper, sheet of paper

Ex. With the advent of computers, transactions like payments of salaries, share dividends, tax deductions, etc., could now be handled by the transfer of data, rather than of slips of paper.

Ex. A quire originally meant 4 sheets of paper or parchment folded over and sewn to make 8 leaves.

* * *

1) (a sketch or plan produced before something is made: a design for a dress.) diseño, dibujo

2) (style; the way in which something has been made or put together: It is very modern in design; I don't like the design of that building.) diseño

3) (a pattern etc: The curtains have a flower design on them.) diseño, dibujo, motivo

4) (a plan formed in the mind; (an) intention: Our holidays coincided by design and not by accident.) plan, intención, proyecto, propósito

•

- designer

design¹ n

1. diseño

2. dibujo / motivo

3. plano

design² vb diseñar

tr[dɪ'zaɪn]

noun

1 SMALLART/SMALL (gen) diseño, dibujo; (of fashion) diseño de modas, creación nombre femenino

2 (arrangement, planning) diseño

■ the design of the car el diseño del coche

3 (plan, drawing) plano, proyecto; (sketch) boceto; (of dress) patrón nombre masculino; (of product, model) modelo

4 (decorative pattern) diseño, dibujo, motivo

5 figurative use (purpose, intention) plan nombre masculino, intención, proyecto

■ was it by accident or by design? ¿ocurrió por casualidad o bien a propósito?

transitive verb

1 (make drawing, plan, model) diseñar, proyectar; (fashion, set, product) diseñar; (course, programme) planear, estructurar

■ Jean-Paul designed the costumes Jean-Paul diseñó el vestuario

2 (develop for a purpose) diseñar, concebir, idear; (intend, mean) pensar, destinar

■ the programme is designed for use in schools el programa está pensado para ser utilizado en institutos

■ the prison was originally designed to hold 500 inmates la cárcel fue concebida al principio para 500 presos

intransitive verb

1 diseñar

\

to have designs on somebody/something tener las miradas puestas en alguien, tener los ojos puestos en alguien/algo

design [di'zaɪn] vt

1) devise: diseñar, concebir, idear

2) plan: proyectar

3) sketch: trazar, bosquejar

design n

1) plan, scheme: plan m, proyecto m

by design: a propósito, intencionalmente

2) sketch: diseño m, bosquejo m

3) pattern, style: diseño m, estilo m

4) designs npl

intentions: propósitos mpl, designios mpl

• bosquejo s.m.

• designio s.m.

• dibujo s.m.

• diseño s.m.

• plan s.m.

• plano s.m.

• plantilla s.f.

• trazado s.m.

• bosquejar v.

• destinar v.

• dibujar v.

• diseñar v.

• idear v.

• trazar v.

1) c u

a) (of product, car, machine) diseño m; ( drawing) diseño m, boceto m; (before n)

b) (pattern, decoration) diseño m, motivo m, dibujo m

c) (product, model) modelo m

2) u

a) ( Art) diseño m

b) ( style) estilo m, líneas fpl

3)

a) c ( plan) (liter) plan m

b) designs plural noun ( intentions) propósitos mpl, designios mpl (liter)

1) ( devise) \<\<house/garden\>\> diseñar, proyectar; \<\<dress/product\>\> diseñar; \<\<course/program\>\> planear, estructurar

2) designed past p

a) ( created) diseñado

b) ( meant)

1. N

1) [of building] (=plan, drawing) proyecto m, diseño m ; (=ground plan) distribución f ; (=preliminary sketch) boceto m ; (=pattern) motivo m ; [of cloth, wallpaper etc] dibujo m ; (=style) estilo m, líneas fpl ; (=art of design) diseño m

2) (=intention) intención f, propósito m ; (=plan) plan m, proyecto m

2. VT

1) [+ building etc] diseñar, proyectar; [+ dress, hat] diseñar; [+ course] estructurar

2) (=intend)

* * *

1) c u

a) (of product, car, machine) diseño m; ( drawing) diseño m, boceto m; (before n)

b) (pattern, decoration) diseño m, motivo m, dibujo m

c) (product, model) modelo m

2) u

a) ( Art) diseño m

b) ( style) estilo m, líneas fpl

3)

a) c ( plan) (liter) plan m

b) designs plural noun ( intentions) propósitos mpl, designios mpl (liter)

1) ( devise) \<\<house/garden\>\> diseñar, proyectar; \<\<dress/product\>\> diseñar; \<\<course/program\>\> planear, estructurar

2) designed past p

a) ( created) diseñado

b) ( meant)

(pl. hundruð), n. hundred; tírœtt h. = 100; tólfrœtt h. = 120; hundruðum, by (in) hundreds; as value, one hundred and twenty ells of the stuff wadmal; h. frítt, a hundred paid in cattle; tólf hundruð mórend, twelve hundred in dark-striped wadmal; hundrað silfrs, ? the silver value of 120 ells (= 20 ounces).

* * *

n. pl. hundruð; the form hund- (q. v.) only occurs in a few old compd words: [Goth. hunda, pl.; A. S. hund; O. H. G. hunt; the extended form in Hel. and old Frank, hundered; Germ. hundert; Dan. hundrede; Swed. hundra; the inflexive syllable is prob. akin to - ræðr in átt-ræðr]:—a hundred; the Scandinavians of the heathen time (and perhaps also all Teutonic people) seem to have known only a duo-decimal hundred (= 12 × 10 or 120); at that time 100 was expressed by tíu-tíu, cp. Ulf. taihun-taihund = ten-teen; Pal Vídalín says,—hundrað tólfrætt er sannlega frá heiðni til vor komið, en hið tíræða er líkast að Norðrlönd hafi ekki vitað af fyrr en Kristni kom hér og með henni lærdómr þeirrar aldar, Skýr. s. v. Hundrað (fine): but with the introduction of Christianity came in the decimal hundred, the two being distinguished by adjectives,—tólfrætt hundrað = 120, and tírætt hundrað = 100. But still the old popular duodecimal system continued in almost all matters concerned with economical or civil life, in all law phrases, in trade, exchange, property, value, or the like, and the decimal only in ecclesiastical or scholastic matters (chronology, e. g. Íb. ch. 1, 10). At the same time the word in speech and writing was commonly used without any specification of tírætt or tólfrætt, for, as Pal Vídalín remarks, every one acquainted with the language knew which was meant in each case; even at the present time an Icel. farmer counts his flocks and a fisherman his share (hlutr) by the duodecimal system; and everybody knows that a herd or share of one hundred and a half means 120 + 60 = 180. In old writers the popular way of counting is now and then used even in chronology and in computation, e. g. when Ari Frode (Íb. ch. 4) states that the year consists of three hundred and four days (meaning 364); the census of franklins given by the same writer (where the phrase is hundruð heil = whole or full hundreds) is doubtless reckoned by duodecimal, not decimal hundreds, Íb. ch. 10; and in the census of priests and churches taken by bishop Paul (about A. D. 1200) ‘tíræð’ is expressively added, lest duodecimal hundreds should be understood, Bs. i. 136. The Landn. (at end) contains a statement (from Ari?) that Iceland continued pagan for about a hundred years, i. e. from about 874–997 A. D. In the preface to Ólafs S., Snorri states that two duodecimal hundreds (tvau hundruð tólfræð) elapsed from the first colonisation of Iceland before historical writing began (i. e. from about A. D. 874–1115): levies of ships and troops are in the laws and Sagas counted by duodecimal hundreds, e. g. the body-guard of king Olave consisted of a hundred hirð-men, sixty house-carles and sixty guests, in all ‘two hundred’ men, i. e. 240, Mork. 126; the sons of earl Strút-Harald had a hundred men, of whom eighty were billetted out and forty returned, Fms. xi. 88, 89; hálft hundrað, a half hundred = sixty, Mork. l. c.

2. a division of troops = 120; hundraðs-flokkr, Fms. vi. (in a verse).

II. in indef. sense, hundreds, a host, countless number, see hund-, as also in the adverb, phrase, hundruðum, by hundreds (indefinitely), Fms. vi. 407, Þiðr. 275, 524: in mod. usage as adjective and indecl., except the pl. in -uð, thus hundruð ásauðum, Dipl. iv. 10.

B. As value, a hundred, i. e. a hundred and twenty ells of the stuff wadmal, and then simply value to that amount (as a pound sterling in English). All property, real as well as personal, is even at present in Icel. taxed by hundreds; thus an estate is a ‘twenty, sixty, hundred’ estate; a franklin gives his tithable property as amounting to so and so many hundreds. As for the absolute value of a hundred, a few statements are sufficient, thus e. g. a milch cow, or six ewes with lambs, counts for a hundred, and a hundrað and a kúgildi (cow’s value) are equal: the charge for the alimentation of a pauper for twelve months was in the law (Jb. 165) fixed to four hundred and a half for a male person, but three hundred and a half for a female; cp. also the phrase, það er ekki hundrað í hættunni, there is no hundred at stake, no great risk! In olden times a double standard was used,—the wool or wadmal standard, called hundrað talið = a hundred by tale, i. e. a hundred and twenty ells as stated above, and a silver standard, called hundrað vegit, a hundred by weight, or hundrað silfrs, a hundred in silver, amounting to two marks and a half = twenty ounces = sixty örtugar; but how the name hundred came to be applied to it is not certain, unless half an örtug was taken as the unit. It is probable that originally both standards were identical, which is denoted by the phrase, sex álna eyrir, six ells to an ounce, or a hundred and twenty ells equal to twenty ounces (i. e. wadmal and silver at par); but according as the silver coinage was debased, the phrases varied between nine, ten, eleven, twelve ells to an ounce (N. G. L. i. 80, 81, 387, 390, passim), which denote bad silver; whereas the phrase ‘three ells to an ounce’ (þriggja álna eyrir, Sturl. i. 163, passim, or a hundred in wadmal equal to half a hundred in silver) must refer either to a double ell or to silver twice as pure: the passage in Grág. i. 500 is somewhat obscure, as also Rd. 233: the words vegin, silfrs, or talin are often added, but in most cases no specification is given, and the context must shew which of the two standards is there meant; the wool standard is the usual one, but in cases of weregild the silver standard seems always to be understood; thus a single weregild (the fine for a man’s life) was one hundred, Njála passim.

2. the phrases, hundrað frítt, a hundred paid in cattle, Finnb. 236; tólf hundruð mórend, twelve hundred in dark striped wadmal, Nj. 225; hundrað í búsgögnum ok í húsbúningi, Vm. 65; hundraðs-gripr, hestr, hross, kapall, hvíla, sæng, rekkja, psaltari, etc., a beast, a horse, a bed, etc., of a hundred’s value, Am. 2, 10, Vm. 25, 39, 60, 153, Jm. 3, 30; hundraðs-úmagi, a person whose maintenance costs a hundred, Vm. 156; hundraðs virði, a hundred’s value, 68. For references see the Sagas and laws passim, and for more information see Mr. Dasent’s Essay in Burnt Njal.

C. A hundred, a political division which in olden times was common to all Teut. nations, but is most freq. in old Swedish laws, where several hundreds made a hérað or shire; cp. the A. S. and Engl. hundred, Du Cange hundredum; old Germ. hunderti, see Grimm’s Rechts Alterthümer; the centum pagi of Caesar, Bell. Gall. iv. ch. 1, is probably the Roman writer’s misconception of the Teut. division of land into hundreds; this is also the case with Tacit. Germ. ch. 12: cp. the Swed. local names Fjaðrunda-land, Áttundaland, and Tíunda-land, qs. Fjaðr-hunda land, Átthunda land, Tíhunda land, i. e. a combination of four, eight, ten hundreds. The original meaning was probably a community of a hundred and twenty franklins or captains. This division is not found in Icel.

(vesöl or vesul, vesalt, pl. vesalir or veslir), a.

1) poor, destitute, wretched (vesöl arfasáta);

2) with gen. wretched in respect of (vesöl eru vér konungs).

* * *

adj., fem. vesul or vesöl, neut. vesalt. The forms vary, being contracted or uncontracted, veslir, etc., as well as vesalir, etc., whence lastly, vesælir, etc.:

α. contr. veslir, veslar, veslum, Al. 57, Th. 6; vesla (acc. pl.), Hom. 109; veslu (gen. fem.), Post. (Unger) 108; veslir, Ó. H. 151, Sks. 681; vesla (gen.), Fms. viii. 242 (vesæla, v. l. of a later vellum); selum ok veslum.

β. uncontr. vesala = vesla, Fms. ii. 46; vesala, Post. (Unger) 18 (vesæla, v. l.); vesalir, Al. 96, l. 18; this regular declension is still in full use in Icel. speech, only not contracted, e. g. vesall, vesalingr, vesalir (not veslir); vesæla, Fas. i. 49 (paper MS.): so also in the compar. either vesalli, Greg. 37, Sd. 188; vesalla, 656 C. 34; vesalstr, Kormak, Bjarn. (in a verse); but veslari, Barl. 23 (vesalli, v. l.) Ves is the root, - all the inflexive syllable; the form vesæll is a later form, from a false etymology, as if from vé- privative, and sæll, happy. The origin of vesall is dubious, the radical s is against a derivation from the compar. verri, Goth. wairiza; and the short vowel is against deriving it from vás, vés, q. v. The true etymology, we believe, is that vesall stands for ‘usall,’ being derived from the prep. ur, or-, in its ancient form us; Goth. us-; Icel. ur-, ör-; this etymology is confirmed by form and sense alike; the old phrases, alls vesall ( omnium expers), vesall eigu ( proprii expers), were originally alliterative phrases; in Hm. 22, 69, vesall is made to alliterate with a vowel (vesall maðr ok ílla skapi … erat maðr alls vesall þótt hann sé ílla heill); usall is actually found written in Nj. (Lat.) 264, v. l.; the change of us into ves may be illustrated by the case of várr (q. v.); it is the opposite to that vocalisation of v which so frequently takes place. As to sense, vesall originally meant bereft, destitute of, = Lat. expers; and is followed by a genitive: [the Dan. form is usel, less right ussel.]

B. Usages:

I. with gen. bereft of; mæl þú alls vesall, Nj. 124, v. l.; ok em ek vesall eigu, bereft of my own, Háv. 42 new Ed.; mæl þú alls usall, Nj. (Lat.) 264, v. l. (but allz vesall the other vellums): wretched in respect to, vesall þóttisk þóttisk hann sinnar úgæfu, Hom. 121; vesall vígs, Am. 58; vesall ertú halds, Dropl. 30; vesöl eru vér konungs, Fms. vi. 322.

II. poor, destitute, wretched; þú vesall, Ls. 40, 42; mér vesalli, Stj. 523; bað hana aldri þrífask svá vesul sem hón var, Nj. 194; vesöl vættr, Hom. 150; veslir menn, poor wretches, Ó. H., l. c.; veslir menn ok vitlausir, Barl. 25; aumhjartaðr við alla vesla menn, Hom. 109; þat er veslum til vilnaðar, Al. 57; sú önd er enn vesalli, Greg. 37; þykki mér því betr sem þú görir hana vesalli, Sd. 188; sú önd er vesöl, … enn vesalli (still more wretched), er …, Greg. 37; vei verði mér veslum, Th. 6; sælum ok veslum, Ó. H. 126, Mork. 216; vesælum, Fms. vii. 220, l. c.; sá veit ekki sér vesalla, 656 C. 34, and passim, see A above.

III. as a nickname; inn vesæli (= vesli), Fms. vi. 16, 17.

ayas f. pl. (once only sg. RV. IV, 42, 1)

(Sp. model spelled same [laðino] < Latin latinum 'Latin.' In the Middle Ages it meant Romance, as opposed to Arabic, and referred to a Moor who could speak Latin; with reference to books, it applied to 'fine, learned, Latinlike' languages (according to Corominas), and later came to mean 'skillful,' 'astute,' or 'wise')

   Texas: 1892. Originally, a wild longhorn, but more recently, a horse or cow that is vicious, wild, and unmanageable, and seems to possess a certain crafty intelligence. The DARE indicates that this term may be used as a noun or as an adjective. Clark notes that it is sometimes applied to a "crafty or wily person." In Spanish, this term originally applied to a person who knew Latin or was wise or learned in general. It has since come to mean 'clever' or 'knowledgeable.' Santamaría confirms that in Coahuila, Mexico, the term is used to refer to a bull that, having been at one point confined to a corral, on its return to the field is not only wild again but seems to possess a certain knowledge of humans that allows it to evade all the cowboys who attempt to capture it.

    ladino (clover)

    DARE: 1925. According to the DARE, white Dutch clover ( Tri-folium repens).

(Sp. model spelled same [móso], of uncertain origin, perhaps related to Basque motz 'blunt' or 'cropped,' originally referring to the short haircut worn by small boys)

   Clark: 1830s. A young man, but especially one serving as a domestic servant or assistant. Adams and Hendrickson note that in the Southwest it generally refers to an assistant on a pack train. According to Clark, the term originally meant a servant or assistant in general but more recently has come to mean a "toady or overly obsequious employee." The DRAE gives several definitions for mozo, among them a youth and a man who acts as a servant in a household or who is a public servant with little authority.

to take decisive action with s.o. or sth.:

X взял Y-a на абордаж = X took (tried) a hard-nosed approach with person Y

X got tough with person Y

X tackled thing Y head-on.

you are allowing yourself more than is customary for s.o. in your position, you are going too far

you are overstepping your rank

• БРАТЬ/ВЗЯТЬ НА АБОРДАЖ кого-что

[VP; subj: human; obj: most often human]

=====

⇒ to take decisive action with s.o. or sth.:

- X взял Y-а на абордаж≈ X took (tried) a hard-nosed approach with person Y;

- X got tough with person Y;

- X tackled thing Y head-on.

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• БРАТЬ/ВЗЯТЬ НА АБОРДАЖ кого-что

[VP; subj: human; obj: most often human]

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⇒ to take decisive action with s.o. or sth.:

- X взял Y-а на абордаж≈ X took (tried) a hard-nosed approach with person Y;

- X got tough with person Y;

- X tackled thing Y head-on.

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• НЕ ПО ЧИНУ БЕРЕШЬ! obs, coll

[sent; Invar; fixed WO]

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⇒ you are allowing yourself more than is customary for s.o. in your position, you are going too far:

- you are overstepping your rank;

- that's not a thing for someone in your position (of your rank etc) to do;

- you are (stepping) out of line;

- you mustn't (can't) behave like that in your position.

     ♦ "...Говорит Настасья Ивановна, что ты... надерзил Ивану Васильевичу? Расстроил его? Он тебе стал советы подавать, а ты в ответ, говорит Настасья Иванна, - фырк! Фырк! Ты меня прости, но это слишком! Не по чину берёшь!" (Булгаков 12). "...Nastasya Ivanovna said...that you'd annoyed Ivan Vasilievich somehow, upset him? He started to give you some advice and you just sniffed at him! Sniffed! I'm sorry, old man, but really that's going a bit far! You can't behave like that in your position!" (12a).

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f. chief defendantship or prosecutorship.

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older form aðilð, pl. ir, f. [root aðal], v. the following word aðili. It doubtless originally meant chiefdom, headship, but it only occurs in the limited legal sense of chief-prosecutorship or defendantship, and this only, as it seems, in Icel. not in Norse law. It is a standing word in the Icel. codes and histories of the Commonwealth. It became obsolete after the year 1272, and does not occur in the codes Jb. or Js. In early times there were no public prosecutions or lawsuits; the aðild devolved together with the erfð ( heirship) on the principal male heir, if of age; erfð and aðild go together, the first as a right, the last as an incumbent duty, like an English trusteeship; til erfðar ok aðiðar, Eb. ch. 38. In the year 993 a law was passed to the effect that male heirs under sixteen years of age should be exempted from aðild, neither should heiresses ever be aðili. In such cases the aðild devolved on the next male heir above sixteen years of age, who then got a fee for executing this duty, Bs. i. 675. The aðild also could be undertaken by a delegate, called at fara með handselda sök, sök handseld, vörn handseld, fara með sök, carry on a suit, etc., v. Grágás Vs. ch. 35, (of aðild in a case of manslaughter,) and in many other places ; Eb. ch. 38, Bs. i. 675 (Rs. in fine), Bjarn. (in fine), Njála, and many others: v. Dasent, Introd. to Burnt Njal.

COMPD: aðilðarmaðr.

n. tree-fruit (nuts, acorns, apples); fig., blezat sé a. kviðar þíns, the fruit of thy womb.

* * *

n., dat. aldini, [Dan. olden; a Scandinavian radical word (?) not found In Ulf.], gener. fruit of trees, including apples, nuts, acorns, and sometimes berries; gras ok aldin ok jarðar ávöxtr allr, herbs, fruits, and earth’s produce, K. Þ. K. 138; korn ok öllu aldini (dat.), K. Á. 178; þá verðr þegar eitr í öllu aldini á því tré, Rb. 358. It originally meant wild fruits, nuts and acorns; hafði hann enga aðra fæðu en aldin skógar ok vatn, Hom. 105; af korninu vex rót, en vöndr af rótinni, en af vendi a., 677. 14; lesa a., to gather nuts, acorns, Dropl. 5; úskapligt er at taka a. af trénu fyr en fullvaxið er, unripe fruit, Al. 18; epli stór ok fíktrés aldin, great apples and the fruit of fig-trees, Stj. 325. Numb. xiii. 23.

β. of garden fruit; allt þat a. er menn verja með görðum eðr gæzlu, Gþl. 544; akr einn harla góðr lá til kirkjunnar, óx þar it bezta aldini, the finest fruits, Fms. xi. 440.

γ. metaph., blezað sé a. kviðar þíns, the fruit of thy womb, Hom. 30. Luke i. 42.

COMPD: aldinsgarðr.